Kalama iko gburugburu: koodu nkwakọ ngwaahịa ochie nke narị afọ na ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ
I. Mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme: Mgbanwe nkwakọ ngwaahịa nke ihe ọ drinksụ drinksụ carbonated kpalitere
Ọchịchị nke karama iko gburugburu na ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ malitere afọ 240 gara aga, site na ọganihu na teknụzụ nchekwa ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated. Mgbe Switzerland Johann Jacob Schweppe chepụtara carbonation azụmahịa na 1783, isi ihe ịma aka o chere ihu bụ ka ọ ga-esi kpọchie carbon dioxide nke na-agbanarị ngwa ngwa-ihe dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ụtọ ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ na ndụ nchekwa. Enwere ike iwere " karama akwa " nke si na ya pụta dị ka ụdị nkwakọ ngwaahịa gburugburu. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe owuwu enyo conical ya chọrọ ebe nchekwa kwụ ọtọ (iji nkuchi mmiri gbanyere mmiri iji gbochie ntapu ikuku), ọ bụ onye mbụ gosipụtara na ọ dabara n'ụdị okirikiri maka mkpuchi gas.
Nhazi a nwere mmalite mmalite abụọ dị mkpa na narị afọ nke 19. N'afọ 1872, onye England bụ Hiram Codd chepụtara "Codd Bottle," bụ nke na-eji bead iko n'olu na gasket rọba nweta akara ziri ezi, na-ekwu maka njedebe nchekwa. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ahịa ndị ọzọ nke iko bead na gasket dugara n'usoro nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe e mepụtara okpu okpueze na 1892 ka e mechara nsogbu ahụ site na iji ngwọta mkpuchi metal dị ọnụ ala, na-egosi na karama iko gburugburu bụ ọkọlọtọ ụlọ ọrụ. Okwesiri iburu n'uche na nkwalite nke ihe enyo dị oke mkpa na usoro a. Na narị afọ nke 18 na Britain, iko ka bụ ihe okomoko, nke naanị ndị ọchịchị na-enweta. Otú ọ dị, iji nweta ihe mgbochi gas, ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ nọgidere na-emeziwanye ihe, na-etinye ntọala maka njikọ miri emi n'etiti iko na nkwakọ ihe ọṅụṅụ.
Nkwalite ika kwalitere karama iko okirikiri karịa uru bara uru ọ bara ka ọ bụrụ akara ọdịnala. Asọmpi imewe nkwakọ ngwaahịa na 1915 nke Coca-Cola mere butere “karama dị warara,” nke sitere na pọd koko. Ọdịdị ya gbagọrọ agbagọ ka a na-amata ọbụna mgbe agbajiri agbaji. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ Root Glass nwetara mmụọ nsọ site na ihe atụ nke osisi koko, na-emepụta njikọ anya n'etiti "Coca" na "Cocoa" yiri nke ahụ. Udi a gbara agba ọ bụghị naanị zutere ike mkpakọ chọrọ nke ọdịdị okirikiri kamakwa guzobe njirimara ika pụrụ iche. Nhazi a ka bụ otu n'ime atụmatụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa kacha amata n'ụwa niile. "Karama swirl" nke Pepsi, nke ewepụtara na 1958, na-eji udidi na-agbagharị agbagharị iji welie okirikiri okirikiri, na-ewulite akara ngosi site na nhụsianya. Nhazi a pụrụ iche, dabere n'ụdị okirikiri ahụ, mere karama iko ahụ ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa maka nha nha nhata.
II. Ngwongwo anụ ahụ: Ezubere nke sayensị maka nchekwa ihe ọṅụṅụ na njem
Uru anụ ahụ dị n'usoro okirikiri bụ isi mgbagha ya nke na-enweghị ike dochie ya, na-eme ihe nchebe okpukpu atọ site na igwe, ọnụ ahịa, na ahụmịhe onye ọrụ. Mechanically, mgbasawanye nrụgide na-ebute site na mgbanwe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ịma jijiji na ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated na-ekesa nke ọma site na mgbidi karama gburugburu. Data nnwale na-egosi na, n'inye otu ọkpụrụkpụ ihe ahụ, karama iko gbara gburugburu na-enye ihe karịrị 30% ike mkpakọ karịa karama square. Nke a bụ isi ihe kpatara na ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated anaghị adịkarị eji karama ndị na-eme ka oge na-aga.
Uru nke ihe onwunwe na mmepụta arụmọrụ dịkwa oke mkpa. Ụkpụrụ geometric na-egosi na okirikiri nwere mpaghara obe kachasị ukwuu maka okirikiri enyere ya. Data sitere na ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-egosi na karama okirikiri 500ml na-eji iko 12% dị obere karịa karama square. Nke ka mkpa, na udi gburugburu na-enye ohere maka a ọzọ edo dabara na ebu n'oge igbu ịkpụzi, n'ihi na a 40% elu mmepụta arụmọrụ karịa mgbe ekara ekara karama, na a mkpụrụ ọnụego nke n'elu 95% maka okokụre ngwaahịa, budata mbenata na-eri nke nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta. A na-ekwupụta uru arụmọrụ a na nkwakọ ngwaahịa buru ibu, dị ka karama 2L, na-akwado oriri ezinụlọ n'oge oge "ọganihu nwa" US nke 1970s.
Nhazi ergonomic na-akwalite nnabata ndị ahịa. Ahụ karama agbagọ na-adaba na nkwụ nke nkwụ, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ijide maka ị drinkụ mmanya ozugbo n'ụlọ ahịa dị mma na iji n'èzí. Nhazi ya dị nro, nke enweghị akụkụ na-ebelata ọnụego nkwụsịtụ n'oge njem site na 60% ma e jiri ya tụnyere karama square, na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ụdọ ọkọnọ. Uru ndị a dị ka obere, egosipụtara site na narị afọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ, abụrụla ụzọ dabere na ụlọ ọrụ.
III. Asọmpi Ahịa: Na-eme ka ọchịchị dị ike n'ihu asọmpi
Ọ bụ ezie na karama PET ejirila nha ha dị arọ (naanị 1/10 dị arọ nke karama iko) na ihe ndị a na-apụghị imebi emebi, karama iko gbara gburugburu anọgidewo na-achịkwa ha na ngalaba ndị bụ isi. Nke a sitere na uru ha pụrụ iche na nchekwa, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ngwa adịchaghị.
(I) Àgwà Nchekwa: Isi nke oriri ahụike
Àgwà ọma nchekwa abụrụla ihe dị mkpa n'oge oriri ahụike. Karama PET nwere ihe dị ka bisphenol A, nke na-ebute ihe ize ndụ nke ịkwaga, karịsịa na iji ya eme ihe ugboro ugboro. Agbanyeghị, karama iko tozuru oke kwụsiri ike na kemịkalụ na anaghị ahapụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka plasticizers. A na-ekwupụta ọdịiche a n'ahịa ihe ọṅụṅụ dị elu - site na 2024, karama iko 250-500ml na China ga-aza 58.7% nke ihe ọṅụṅụ na ahịa ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, nke ndị ahịa chọrọ maka nchekwa nri.
(II) Atumatu gburugburu: Nkewa amụma maka mgbanwe ndụ ndụ
Mgbanwe na atumatu gburugburu ebe obibi na-emeziwanye ọnọdụ ahịa. Njikwa mmetọ ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-eme ka nlọghachi nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa iko: N'ịgbaso mmezu nke China 2024 "Echiche na Accelerating the Advancement of Plastic Pollution Control," ọnụ ọgụgụ imegharị karama iko abawanyela ruo 82.4%, yana kredit akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ụtụ isi na-azọpụta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ karịa ijeri yuan 3.6. Ntuziaka European Single-Use Plastics edegharịrị emewokwa ka mmụba 7.2% kwa afọ na-achọ karama ihe ọṅụṅụ iko na Europe. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Federal Institute of Technology dị na Zurich na-egosi na mmepụta karama iko na-eri ike okpukpu atọ karịa plastik, ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dị elu (iji ya ugboro 20 na-emeghachi ya) nwere ike imebi akara ụkwụ carbon ya) na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha mkpa.
(III) Omume ika: Ọdịiche dị n'ahịa kewara ekewa
Nkwalite oriri na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ na-achọ, na karama iko gburugburu aghọwo ihe bụ isi maka ọdịiche ika:
Mmiri ịnweta mmiri dị elu: Nkwalite uru bara uru nke nka
Perrier emela karama iko gburugburu akara akara mbinye aka ya. Na 1903, British aristocrat St. John Harmsworth dọtara mmụọ nsọ si India bludgeon chepụta iconic green okirikiri karama, nke na-abụghị nanị zutere nrụgide nchekwa chọrọ ya ndammana carbonated ịnweta mmiri ma guzosie ike ya visual njirimara site na ya pụrụ iche silhouette. Ruo otu narị afọ, karama iko a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụgbọ maka okike okike. Na 1983, Andy Warhol's Pop Art designs nyeere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aka ịbanye n'ahịa US. Mmekọrịta 2021 na Takashi Murakami na usoro Sunflower kpalitere agụụ onye na-anakọta ihe, na-eduga na ọkwa karama iko 330ml nke mbụ na ahịa mmiri China na-egbuke egbuke na 2023, na-egosipụta uru ọdịnala ọdịnala nke karama iko okirikiri. Nhazi karama ahụ na-edobe isi okirikiri, yana ihe ọhụrụ a na-enweta naanị site na agba na akara akara, na-ahụ na nrụpụta nrụpụta ma na-ewusi njirimara ika ike.
Beer nka: Nkwado ugboro abụọ nke emume na ịdị mma
Chinese nka biya ika Longquan Nke 1 reimagines ememe oriri na gburugburu iko karama. Ochie okirikiri imewe na-paired na a siwing okpu, a imewe si Europe na 1795. The karama tọhapụrụ champeenu egosipụta mgbe meghere na mechie. Mgbidi karama gbara gburugburu na-eguzogide nrụgide nke gbaa ụka ka ihe owuwu ahụ mechiri emechi na-agbatị ndụ ndụ. Nchikota a nke "ụdị kpochapụwo + ngwa vine vine" na-eme ka ngwaahịa ahụ pụta ìhè na ntọala oriri oriri dị elu. A pụkwara iji karama iko ahụ dị ka ihe nchekwa mgbe e risịrị ya, na-anabata mmata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ụzọ dị iche, New Age Bebidas nke Brazil nwalere karama PET ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ na iko, mana o nwetaghị otu ogo na nguzogide nrụgide, n'ikpeazụ na-ejigide imewe karama iko okirikiri maka ahịrị elu ya.
Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-arụ ọrụ: Ezubere nke ọma maka ngwa ndị akọwapụtara
Usoro ihe ọṅụṅụ na-arụ ọrụ Suntory nke Japan "BOSS" nwere obere karama iko gbara okirikiri ahaziri maka gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ. Dayameta karama ahụ dabara na obosara nke nkwụ, na ebe a gbagọrọ agbagọ dabara nke ọma na kọmpụta, na-egbochi ịkụtu ihe. Nke a na-edobe uru na-eguzogide nrụgide nke ụdị okirikiri ma na-eme ka nkwụsi ike desktọpụ site na akụkụ ndị kachasị mma. A na-atụ anya na ire nke usoro karama iko a ga-abawanye site na 18% kwa afọ na 2024, karịa oke uto nke karama PET, na-egosipụta ọdịdị na-enweghị atụ nke karama iko gburugburu na ngwa ụfọdụ.
East China na South China, dị ka mpaghara isi nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ, na-atụnye 42% nke oriri iko iko mba. Agbanyeghị, ihe dị ka 6% uto na North China na Central China na-egosi ahịa na-agbada.
IV. Echiche Ọdịnihu: Nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na mgbasawanye nke ngwa
N'ịbụ ndị chere asọmpi sitere na karama PET na ihe ndị na-emebi emebi, karama iko gburugburu emepela ahịa ọhụrụ site na nkwalite teknụzụ. Iwebata nke nrụpụta smart ebelatala oriri ike mmepụta site na 15% ma mụbaa arụmọrụ site na 6.5%. Ngwa nke iko borosilicate na-arụ ọrụ dị elu, na-enwewanye okpomọkụ na nguzogide mmetụta, agbasala n'ahịa ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Teknụzụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa Smart abụrụla ebe uto ọhụrụ. Karama iko agbakwunyere na mkpado RFID na-eme ka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na iru mmiri dị oge n'oge njem yinye oyi. A na-atụ anya na ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ịbanye n'ihe ọṅụṅụ na ọkwa ọgwụ ga-eru 34% n'afọ 2030.
Mwekota agbụ ụlọ ọrụ na sistemu imegharị ihe ka mma na-ebelata ọghọm ọ na-efu. Ka ọ na-erule 2024, òkè CR5 nke ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa iko China ruru 54.3%. Companieslọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Shandong Huapeng na Guangdong Sitong belatara ọnụ ahịa nrụpụta nkeji site na 8% site na ịzụrụ ihe na njikarịcha ikike. Nke kachasị mkpa, nkwalite nke imegharị ihe nkwụnye ego emeela ka ejiri karama iko mee ihe ugboro 40 na mba Nordic, na-ebute mbelata 22% na ụgwọ ndụ ndụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere karama PET.
Ahịa ndị na-apụta na-emepe emepe na-eme ka ndị ọzọ nwee ike itolite. Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na Africa na-eto eto na ọnụego kwa afọ karịa 12%, na nchekwa nkwakọ ngwaahịa bụ ihe kacha mkpa. The Asia-Pacific gburugburu iko karama ahịa a na-atụ anya ịnọgide na-enwe a compound kwa afọ uto ọnụego nke 13% -15% si 2025 ka 2030. Site "karama akwa" nke 1783 na nke taa smart iko karama, okirikiri imewe anọgidewo malitere gburugburu mkpa dị mkpa nke ihe ọṅụṅụ nchekwa, njem, na oriri. Ike a na-achọsi ike bụ isi ihe mere o ji chịkwaa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruo narị afọ abụọ.
